TESA, or testicular sperm aspiration ( also known as TESE, or testicular sperm extraction) is one of the surgical sperm harvesting techniques used for retrieving sperm in patients with azoospermia. A number of surgical sperm retrieval or recovery methods have been devised to recover sperm from the male reproductive tract.

In men with obstructive azoospermia,( because of duct blockage or absence of the vas deferens) , sperm are usually recovered from the epididymis. The original technique was devised by a urologist, Dr Sherman Silber, who is a specialist in microsurgery. He used a method called MESA, or microepididymal sperm aspiration, in which the scrotum was opened, and an operating microscope used to identify the epididymal tubules which were distended with sperm. While this method was very successful, it was very complex , since it needed an operating microscope; and therefore very expensive as well. This is why a gynecologist from Dubai, Dr Pankaj Srivastav, developed a very simple and easy method to recover sperm from the blocked epidiymis. Since he could feel the turgid epididymis, swollen with sperm, he would blindly puncture the epididymis using a simple butterfly needle - a technique which was very similar to drawing blood from a blood vessel ! This simple technique is called PESA (percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration), in which the sperm is sucked out from the epididymis by puncturing it with a fine needle.

This method is as effective as microsurgery to retrieve epididymal sperm ; is much easier for both the patient and the doctor; and much cheaper as well, since the infertility specialist can do it himself. It is also much less traumatic, since there is no need to cut the scrotum, with the result that there is no scar at all. This is why this is the preferred method of choice in most centers in India, UK and Belgium.

For patients with obstructive azoopsermia in whom sperm cannot be found in the epididymis, it is always possible to find sperm in the testis. The easiest way to retrieve this is through TESA or testicular sperm aspiration , in which the testicular tissue is sucked out through a fine needle, under local anaesthesia. The testicular tissue is placed in culture media and sent to the lab, where it is processed. The sperm are liberated from within the seminiferous tubules ( where they are produced ) and are then dissected free from the surrounding testicular tissue.

Using sperm from the epididymis and testis for ICSI in order to treat patients with obstructive azoospermia is logical, and thus conceptually easy to understand. However, surprisingly, it is possible to find sperm even in patients who have testicular failure ( nonobstructive azoospermia) - even in those men with very small testes. The reason for this is that defects in sperm production are "patchy"- they do not affect the entire testis uniformly

Various methods have been devised to recover sperm from the testes, and a fashionable method prevalent in the US today was developed by Dr Schlegel from Cornell, in which he uses an operating microscope to try to identify healthy testicular tissue, in the hope that the chance of finding testicular sperm improve. However, a much easier, kinder and simpler method has been developed by Dr Rupin Shah of Bombay, India, where multiple needle biopsies are taken from both testes. While this is "blind", since it's possible to sample many more areas of the testes ( we routinely perform over 10 microbiopsies using this technique, even from very tiny testes) this technique is at least as effective as Dr Schlegel's in recovering testicular sperm. Moreover, it's much less traumatic, since no blood vessels are touched, with the result that it causes much less pain; and it can easily be repeated in a few months if needed, because the testes are not damaged.

However, the tragedy is that many IVF clinics in the US continue using microsurgical techniques for sperm retrieval. They claim they are better, though actually they are not ! The sad truth is that the real reason is that they continue using these techniques is that it allows IVF clinics and the urologists attached to them to charge over
US $ 3000 - 5000 for each sperm retrieval procedure ! By comparison, a PESA in our clinic costs US $ 300; and a TESA costs US $ 500 only !

Unfortunately, it's the poor infertile couples who have to bear the added burden.